Strategi 20 “ menggali fungsi gerund”.

Pembahasan :

Gerund adalah kata benda yang dibentuk dari sebuah kata kerja dengan menanambahkan ing (verb+ing). Seperti sebuah kata benda, gerund pun memainkan fungsi yang sama dengan kata benda dalam kalimat. Oleh karena itu, gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai subyek, pelengkap subyek, obyek langsung, obyek sebuah kata depan dan sebagai appositive. Sementara frase gerund adalah frasa yang mengikuti gerund. Bntuk gerund juga kerap muncul dalam struktur test TOEFL.

Fungsi gerund :

a.Subyek
Contoh :
Seeing the statue of liberty and taking pictures from the top of the empire state building are two reasons for visiting new York city.

b.Obyek
Contoh :
In the late 1950s a retired bank manager named charley broney began studying the eagle.
Swimming is good service

c.Pelengkap subyek
Contoh :
The duties the secretary are taking the minutes, mailing the coressponence and calling the members before meeting.

d.Obyek dari kata depan
Contoh :
I am found of camping

e.Apposite
Contoh :
Bob’s favorite sport,fishing, is becoming expensive.

Daftar pustaka : yusdi, Muhammad.TOEFL.inspirita:2009

Contoh soal :
1.He allowed me use / to use / using his car.
2.I don’t mind have / to have / having a roommate.
3.I was getting sleepy, so I had my friend drive / to drive / driving the car.
4.We noticed Professor Chang to eat / eating / eaten dinner with some friends.
5.Would you please remind me call / to call / calling Barbo tomorrow.
6.Romy advised finish / to finish / finishing this test carefully.
7.Someone advised him finish / to finish / finishing this test carefully.
8.She likes to have the house clean / to clean / cleaned everyday.
9.The boy was seen climb / to climb / climbing up a tree.
10.We saw the poor boy beat / to beat / beaten black and blue.
11.You had better do / to do / done your work at once.
12.I can’t imagine such an old man climb / to climb / climbing the mountain.
13.Maria has been appointed as secretary / secretary / to be secretary.
14.The thief was heard jump / to jump / jumped off the wall.
15.Who / What / Which have they named their son?
16.The teacher wants this test finish / to finish / finished in not more than one hour.
17.The boy washed his shirts clean / cleanly / cleaned.
18.The students should be made come / to come / coming on time.
19.Have you heard English speak / to speak / spoken in your village.
20.I asked my roommate let / to let / letting me use / to use / used his shoe polish.

Jawaban :
1. He allowed me to use his car.
2. I don’t mind having a roommate.
3. I was getting sleepy, so I had my friend drive the car.
4. We noticed Professor Chang eating dinner with some friends.
5. Would you please remind me to call Barbo tomorrow.
6. Romy advised finishing this test carefully.
7. Someone advised him to finish this test carefully.
8. She likes to have the house cleaned everyday.
9. The boy was seen to climb up a tree.
10. We saw the poor boy beaten black and blue.
11. You had better to do your work at once.
12. I can’t imagine such an old man climbing the mountain.
13. Maria has been appointed secretary.
14. The thief was heard to jump off the wall.
15. Who have they named their son?
16. The teacher wants this test finished in not more than one hour.
17. The boy washed his shirts clean.
18. The students should be made to come on time.
19. Have you heard English spoken in your village.
20. I asked my roommate to let me use his shoe polish.

Strategi 19 “ menyandingkan kata kerja dasar setelah kata kerja bantu (Modals)

Pembahasan :

Dalam bahasa inggris, kata kerja bantu (modals) digunakan untuk memberi makna lebuh terhadap sebuah kata kerja. Apabila sebuah kata kerja bantu mendahului sebuah kata kerja dalam kalimat maka kata kerja tersebut selalu dalam bentuk kata kerja dasar dan tidak pernah diikuti oleh bentuk to infinitive , bentuk gerund (verb+ing) ataupun diberikan imbuhan s.
Kata kerja bantu (modals) yang kerap muncul dalam test dalam test struktur TOEFL adalah : will, would , shall, should, may,might, ought to an must. Pola kerja yang didahului oleh kata kerja batu adalah :

Kata kerja bantu + bentuk kata kerja dasar

Singkatnya, kapanpun terlihat kata kerja bantu dalam soal-soal struktur maka harus selalu diikuti dengan bentuk kata kerja dasar. Contoh :
A patient suffering from amnesia may have partial or total loss of memory.
The advisor told himself, while listening to the speech, that a dozan of other reporters would have already asked that question.

Daftar pustaka : yusdi, Muhammad.TOEFL.inspirita:2009

Contoh soal :
Indetifikasi kesalahan dalam kalimat berikut :
1. In areas of volcanic activity, beach sand may contains dark minerals and little quarts.
2. A desire to eradicate irregular spelling in English can being traced back to the sixteenth century.
3. When a bone is broken into several pieces, doctor may to pin the pieces together for proper healing.
4. As a protective molecule, an antibody can combines with a foreign virus protein.
5. A blue bigwig lizard stakes out a territory and will defending famales within it against courting malaes.
Pilihlah jawaban yan benar dibawah ini :
1. This new service will be available to all users _______ up for paid membership.

A. that signed *
B. that signed it
C. which signed
D. sign
2. That is a story of hardship _______ our own situation into perspective.

A. puts
B. it puts
C. that it puts
D. that puts *
3. John Smith, _______ of economic crimes, tax evasion and fraud, is being accused of attempted murder now.

A. of that he was accused
B. that was accused
C. whom he was accused
D. who was accused *
4. The process uses an innovative digital technology __________ the products with as many colors as the image contains.

(A) imprints
(B) that imprints it
(C) that imprints *
(D) that it imprints
5. The police were greatly outnumbered by rioters, _______ ran into the hundreds.

A. whose figures *
B. those figures
C. that its figures
D. its figures that

Strategi 12 “ Menjaga Kesempurnaan Kalimat “

Pembahasan :

Kalimat didalam bahasa inggris ini harus memiliki sekurang-kurangnya subyek dan pridikat/kata kerja. Setelah mengenal jenis kalimat didalam sturuktur TOEFL, kita harus melihat kesempurnaan dari kalimat tersebut. Mengapa ? kerena banyak soal-sol sturuktur TOEFL yang dengan sengaja meninggalkan kesempurnaan kalimat. Sebelumnya kita telah mengenal beberapa jenis kalimat dalam bahasa inggris, yakni kalimat sederhana, kalimat gabungan, kalimat kompleks, dan kalimat gabungan kompleks. Pada semua jenis kalimat tersebut, unsure subyek dan kata kerja harus dijaga. Termasuk dalam jenis kalimat kompleks, yag memiliki induk kalimat dan anak kalimat
.
Kalimat sederhana

Semua kalimat sederhana, baik yang menggunakan kata kerja intransitive dan transitif, tentu memiliki unsure subyek dan kata kerja.
Contoh :
The phone was ringing continiuosly for hours.
Calcium is necessary for the development of strong bones and teeth

Kalimat gabungan

Kalimat gabungan yang merupakan gabungan dari dua kalimat sederhana yang satu sama lain dihubungkan oleh kata penghubung. Kalimat seperti ini juga tetap menjaga kesempurnaan subyek dan kata kerjanya.
Contoh :
Jhon D. Rockefeller was the founder of the standard oil campany and he was the richest man in the world at the time of his retirement.

Kalimat Kompleks

Kalimat komplek yang terdiri dari anak kalimat dan induk kalimat juga memiliki unsure subyek dan kata kerja yang harus dijaga kesempurnaannya.
1.Klausa Adjective
Chimney Rock, which stands 500 feet above the Nourth Platte River, has eroded considerably in the last two centuries.

2.Klausa adverbial
Bears can not see well because they have small eyes

3.Klausa kata benda
A telephone recording tell callers what time the movie starts


Daftar pustaka : yusdi, Muhammad.TOEFL.inspirita:2009

Contoh soal :
1.__________ lived on earth for nearly 150 million years
a.Dinosaurs who
b.Dinosaurs
c.If dinosaurs
d.Since dinosaurs

2.Although knives and forks _________ of prehistoric origin, spoons are relative news
a.They are
b.Are
c.Are they
d.which are

3.The mayflower was bound for Virginia, but a hurricane _________ off course
a.Blew it
b.To blow it
c.It blew
d.Blowing it

4.The Brooklyn bridge _________ took thirteem years to complete
a.Is in new York
b.In new York
c.It is in new York
d.Which in new York

5.Genes control all of the physical ________ we inherit
a.That traits
b.that are traits
c.Traits that
d.Traits are that

Strategi 1 : “ Membedah Anatomi Kalimat Soal-Soal Struktur “
Pembahasan :
a. Noun ( kata benda )

Pembahasan :
Kata benda adalah kata atau kelompok kata yang merajuk pada penyebutan sebuah nama, baik untuk orang, binatang, tempat, perbuatan, sifat, maupun gagasan.

Fungsi :
Kata benda ( noun ) dalam kalimat bahasa inggris memiliki fungsi sebagai subyek, obyek, obyek kata depan, pelengkap subyek, dan appositive. Mari kita liat fungsi-fungsi tersebut ketika kata benda kita letakkan dalam kalimat.

1. Subjek
Contoh :

Arizona has a very dry climate.
The first steamship to cross the Atlantic was the Savannah, in 1819

“ kata Arizona dan Steamship dalam dua kalimat di atas berperan sebagai subyek kalimat.

2. Obyek
Contoh :

The pacific ocean has the deepest valleys and canyons on the Earth.

“ ada tiga kata benda dalam kalimat tersebut : the pacific ocean , the deepest valleys dan canyons. Kata benda the pacific ocean berfungsi sebagai subyek, sementara kata benda the deepest valleys dan berfungsi sebagai obyek. “

Tanpa harus mengetahui makna kedua kata benda tersebut, kita dapat meraba bahwa fungsinya ada sebagai kata benda. Caranya adalah dengan mengetahui pola-pola kalimat.

3. Obyek dari sebuah kata depan (preposition)
Contoh :

Ganes control all of the physical traits that we inherit
Fungsi kata benda traits pada kalimat diatas tidak sama dengan fungsi kata benda pada kalimat sebelumnya. Kata traits didahului sebuah kata depan (proposition) of. Oleh karena itu fungsi kata benda disini adalah sebagai obyek dari kata depan (object of preposition).

4. Pelengkap subyek
Contoh :

Chicago is home to more than four million people.

Pada kalimat ini ada tiga kata benda: Chicago , home , people. Kata Chicago berfungsi sebagai subjek. Kelompok kata, mulai dari kata home sampai people adalah pelengkap subjek kalimat tersebut. Kata people yang diawali kata depan to berfungsi sebagai obyek kata depan.


5. Appositive
Adalah kata atau kelompok kata yang menjelaskan, memberi keterangan yang lebih lanjut, atau menerangkan kata lainnya, yang biasanya adalah kata benda.
Contoh :

My friend, Haris is attending a seminar

Kata haris berfungsi menjelaskan kata benda sebelumnya, yaitu My friend.

Jenis kata benda

Ada 2 jenis kelompok kata benda dalam bahasa inggris : concrete noun dan abstract noun, sebagai berikut:

a.Concrete noun, adalah kata benda dengan dimensi nyata dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan kelompok katanya masing-masing, yakni :

•Proper noun
Kelompok kata benda yang disebut dengan merujuk pada nama yang melekat padanya, seperti sebutan nama orang atau tempat. Biasanya penulisan jenis kata benda ini selalu diawali dengan huruf besar.
Contoh: Yudha Putra, Padang, Indonesia, dsb.

•Material noun
Kelompok kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung dan biasanya berupa kekayaan alam.
Contoh: gold, iron, water, dll.

•Collective noun
Kelompok kata benda yang merujuk pada penyebutan sekumpulan kelompok sesuatu.
Contoh: club, class, committee, dll

b.Absatract noun, adalah kata benda abstrak yang tidak berwujud, contoh: preparation, examination, coordination, dsb.

Daftar pustaka : yusdi, Muhammad.TOEFL.inspirita:2009

Contoh soal :
Main Subject

1. It is said he was a man, _________ to have the vision of an eagle and courage of a lion.

(A) who appeared
(B) he appeared *
(C) that appears
(D) and appears
2. Before Johnson & Smith reached great heights in the business world, ______ encountered many great difficulties in promoting their theories and methods.

A. they *
B. who
C. which
D. and
3. After the discovery of the abandoned getaway vehicle, ________ believed to be hiding in the nearby Riverside forest region.

A. that the bank robber is
B. the bank robber who
C. the bank robber is *
D. the bank robber who is
4. A gifted scientist, Newton _______ some of the most fundamental laws in the history of science.

A. keeps discovering
B. who discovered
C. the discoverer of
D. discovered *
5. George Washington once said that _______ have virtue enough to withstand the highest bidder.

A. few men *
B. the few men
C. few are the men
D. the men are few

Adjective Clauses
1. This new service will be available to all users _______ up for paid membership.

A. that signed *
B. that signed it
C. which signed
D. sign
2. That is a story of hardship _______ our own situation into perspective.

A. puts
B. it puts
C. that it puts
D. that puts *
3. John Smith, _______ of economic crimes, tax evasion and fraud, is being accused of attempted murder now.

A. of that he was accused
B. that was accused
C. whom he was accused
D. who was accused *
4. The process uses an innovative digital technology __________ the products with as many colors as the image contains.

(A) imprints
(B) that imprints it
(C) that imprints *
(D) that it imprints
5. The police were greatly outnumbered by rioters, _______ ran into the hundreds.

A. whose figures *
B. those figures
C. that its figures
D. its figures that